Click any peptide to expand full research data including dosage ranges, administration routes, cycle protocols, half-life, and verified vendor pricing. For educational purposes only — not medical advice.
Bacteriostatic water is the only correct solvent for peptide reconstitution. The benzyl alcohol keeps your reconstituted peptide stable for up to 28–30 days refrigerated.
Why It Has to Be BAC Water
Bacteriostatic water contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol, which prevents bacterial growth in your vial after the seal is broken. Regular sterile water has no preservative — once opened, it's a contamination risk within hours. BAC water keeps your reconstituted peptide stable for 28–30 days when refrigerated at 2–8°C.
Never use tap water, saline (for IVs), or plain sterile water for peptide reconstitution.
Sizes
10mL vials — standard size, handles most single-peptide protocols. 30mL vials — better value if running multiple peptides simultaneously or doing frequent reconstitutions.
6-Step Reconstitution Protocol
Everything you need to reconstitute and inject research peptides.
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6-Step Reconstitution Protocol
Where to Buy Supplies
As an Amazon Associate, Peptide Pro Source earns from qualifying purchases at no extra cost to you. BAC water is now sourced from research vendors — see the BAC Water card above.
Subcutaneous Injection Guide
Retatrutide is the most powerful weight loss compound in clinical research. Phase 2 trials showed 24% average body weight reduction over 48 weeks. Phase 3 trials ongoing by Eli Lilly.
Mechanism
Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a triagonist activating GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. GLP-1 reduces appetite and slows gastric emptying. GIP enhances insulin secretion. Glucagon receptor activation increases energy expenditure and drives lipolysis — particularly of visceral fat.
Clinical Evidence
Phase 2 trial (NEJM 2023): up to 24.2% mean body weight reduction at highest dose. Phase 3 trials ongoing under the TRIUMPH program.
Research Dosing Protocol
| Phase | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–4 | 0.5–1mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 5–8 | 1–2mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 9–12 | 2–4mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 13+ | 4–8mg | Once weekly |
Semaglutide is the GLP-1 receptor agonist behind Ozempic and Wegovy. Clinical trials showed 15–17% average body weight reduction. It works by slowing gastric emptying, reducing appetite, and improving insulin sensitivity.
Mechanism
Semaglutide mimics GLP-1, a hormone released after eating that signals satiety to the brain, slows gastric emptying, and stimulates insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner. The result is sustained appetite suppression with a strong metabolic safety profile.
Clinical Evidence
STEP trials (2021): mean 14.9% body weight loss at 2.4mg weekly over 68 weeks. Approved by the FDA as Wegovy for chronic weight management.
Research Dosing Protocol
| Phase | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–4 | 0.25mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 5–8 | 0.5mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 9–12 | 1mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 13+ | 1.7–2.4mg | Once weekly |
Tirzepatide is a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist — the active compound in Mounjaro and Zepbound. SURMOUNT trials showed up to 22.5% average body weight loss, outperforming semaglutide head-to-head in the SURPASS-6 trial.
Mechanism
Tirzepatide activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors. GLP-1 activity suppresses appetite and slows gastric emptying. GIP receptor activation amplifies insulin secretion and may enhance the weight loss effect beyond GLP-1 alone — this dual action is what gives tirzepatide an edge over semaglutide in head-to-head data.
Clinical Evidence
SURMOUNT-1 trial (2022): up to 22.5% mean body weight reduction at 15mg weekly over 72 weeks. SURPASS-6: superior weight loss vs semaglutide 1mg head-to-head.
Research Dosing Protocol
| Phase | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–4 | 2.5mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 5–8 | 5mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 9–12 | 7.5mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 13–16 | 10mg | Once weekly |
| Weeks 17+ | 12.5–15mg | Once weekly |
Bacteriostatic water is the only correct solvent for peptide reconstitution. The 0.9% benzyl alcohol inhibits microbial growth, keeping your reconstituted peptide stable for up to 28–30 days refrigerated. Do not substitute sterile water — it has no preservative and degrades your peptide fast.
Mechanism
Tesamorelin binds GHRH receptors in the pituitary, stimulating pulsatile GH secretion. Unlike exogenous GH, it preserves the natural feedback loop, reducing risk of shutdown.
Key Research Uses
- Visceral fat reduction
- Body composition improvement
- Cognitive function support in older adults
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 1–2mg daily |
| Timing | Fasted, before bed |
| Cycle | 12–20 weeks |
AOD-9604 is a fragment of human growth hormone studied specifically for fat metabolism — it targets lipolysis without the blood sugar or IGF-1 effects of full HGH. Reached Phase 2 human trials for obesity research.
Mechanism
AOD-9604 stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis by mimicking the way natural HGH regulates fat metabolism. It has no effect on IGF-1 levels or blood glucose.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 300–500mcg daily |
| Timing | Fasted AM |
| Cycle | 12–16 weeks |
MOTS-c is a peptide produced by your own mitochondria that research shows improves insulin sensitivity, boosts metabolic rate, and has extended lifespan in animal models.
Mechanism
MOTS-c targets the AMPK pathway and regulates glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. It improves insulin sensitivity and has been demonstrated to reverse age-related metabolic dysfunction in preclinical models.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 5–10mg |
| Frequency | 2–3x weekly |
| Cycle | 8–12 weeks |
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin work together to produce stronger, cleaner growth hormone pulses than either compound alone — without spiking cortisol or prolactin.
Synergy
CJC-1295 stimulates GHRH receptors for sustained baseline GH elevation. Ipamorelin selectively stimulates ghrelin receptors for clean GH pulses. Combined effect is significantly greater than either alone.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| CJC Dose | 100–300mcg |
| Ipa Dose | 100–300mcg |
| Timing | Pre-sleep, fasted |
| Frequency | Daily to 3x/week |
CJC-1295 with DAC binds albumin in the bloodstream extending half-life to 6–8 days, allowing once-weekly dosing. Produces sustained baseline GH elevation rather than the acute pulses of the No-DAC version.
DAC vs No-DAC
The DAC modification extends half-life from ~30 minutes to 6–8 days. No-DAC produces sharp GH pulses; with-DAC produces sustained GH elevation. Choose based on whether your protocol targets pulse amplitude or steady-state GH levels.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 1–2mg |
| Frequency | Once weekly |
| Common stack | CJC-DAC + Ipamorelin |
CJC-1295 without DAC (also called Mod GRF 1-29) is a GHRH analog studied for its ability to stimulate pulsatile GH release. Unlike the DAC version, it mimics the body's natural pulsatile pattern rather than producing sustained elevation — making it the preferred choice for researchers pairing it with a GHRP like Ipamorelin or GHRP-2.
Mechanism
CJC-1295 No DAC binds and activates GHRH receptors in the pituitary, triggering GH synthesis and secretion. The short half-life (~30 min) preserves the natural pulsatile GH release pattern. Frequently paired with a GHRP to amplify the GH pulse through a complementary receptor pathway.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 100–300mcg |
| Timing | Pre-sleep or fasted, with GHRP |
| Frequency | 1–3x daily |
| Cycle | 12–20 weeks |
Sermorelin stimulates your pituitary to produce growth hormone naturally — preserving the body's own feedback system rather than introducing external GH. FDA-approved diagnostic use with a well-established safety profile.
Mechanism
Sermorelin binds GHRH receptors in the anterior pituitary, stimulating GH synthesis and secretion. It preserves the natural GH feedback loop, reducing the risk of pituitary shutdown seen with exogenous GH use.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 200–500mcg |
| Timing | Before bed, fasted |
| Frequency | Daily or 5 days on/2 off |
Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog studied in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) for metabolic research. Phase 2 trial data showed up to 15.6% body weight reduction as a standalone — potentially additive with GLP-1 agonists.
Mechanism
Cagrilintide mimics amylin, targeting amylin receptors (CALCR/RAMP1/RAMP3) rather than GLP-1 receptors — mechanistically distinct from semaglutide and tirzepatide, and potentially additive when combined.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Starting dose | 0.25mg weekly |
| Titration | Every 4 weeks up to 2.4mg |
| Route | SubQ injection |
GHRP-2 stimulates potent GH pulses without significantly increasing appetite — making it the cleaner GHRP vs GHRP-6. Lower prolactin and cortisol elevation at equivalent doses.
Mechanism
Selectively activates GHSR-1a to drive pulsatile GH release while inhibiting somatostatin. Stronger GH pulse than GHRP-6 with minimal appetite stimulation.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 100–300mcg |
| Frequency | 1–3x daily |
| Common stack | CJC-1295 No-DAC + GHRP-2 |
One of the original synthetic GHRPs studied since the 1980s. Drives strong GH pulses and is specifically studied for appetite stimulation via peripheral ghrelin receptor activation.
Mechanism
Activates GHSR-1a for GH release and inhibits somatostatin. Peripheral ghrelin receptor activation produces significant appetite stimulation — distinct from GHRP-2 and relevant for cachexia research.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 100–300mcg |
| Frequency | 1–3x daily |
| Note | Significant appetite increase expected |
Hexarelin produces one of the strongest GH pulses of any GHRP and uniquely activates CD36 receptors in cardiac tissue — demonstrating direct cardioprotective effects in preclinical ischemia models independent of GH secretion.
Mechanism
Potent GHSR-1a agonist for pulsatile GH release. CD36 activation in cardiac tissue produces cardioprotective effects not replicated by GHRP-2 or GHRP-6 at equivalent doses.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 100–200mcg |
| Frequency | 1–3x daily |
| Timing | Fasted, away from meals |
BPC-157 has shown remarkable healing effects on muscles, tendons, ligaments, and gut tissue across study after study — making it one of the most researched recovery compounds in the space. Over 100 preclinical studies with consistent results.
Mechanism
BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis, upregulates growth factors, and modulates nitric oxide pathways. It has demonstrated ability to heal tendons, ligaments, bones, and gut tissue in animal models.
Research Protocol
| Goal | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Systemic healing | 250–500mcg | 1–2x daily |
| Local injury | 200–300mcg | Daily near site |
| Gut healing | 250mcg | Daily oral |
TB-500 is a fragment of a protein your body produces naturally for healing — research shows it supports new blood vessel formation, reduces inflammation, and accelerates repair of slow-healing injuries.
Mechanism
TB-500 promotes actin polymerization and upregulation of Tβ4, which regulates cell migration, proliferation, and survival. It reduces inflammation and promotes healing through multiple pathways including VEGF upregulation.
Research Protocol
| Phase | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Loading (wks 1–4) | 2–2.5mg | 2x weekly |
| Maintenance | 2mg | Weekly |
BPC-157 and TB-500 together address injury recovery from two angles — local tissue repair and systemic anti-inflammatory support — making this one of the most studied healing combinations available.
Why Stack These
BPC-157 initiates local repair via angiogenesis and growth factor upregulation. TB-500 promotes cell migration and systemic anti-inflammatory effects via actin regulation. Together they address both local and systemic aspects of injury recovery.
Research Protocol
| Compound | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| BPC-157 | 250–500mcg | Daily |
| TB-500 | 2–2.5mg | 2x/week loading, then weekly |
GHK-Cu is a copper peptide naturally found in human blood that declines with age — research shows it supports wound healing, collagen production, skin repair, and hair follicle activity.
Mechanism
GHK-Cu activates wound healing, attracts immune cells, and promotes collagen production. It remodels skin and stimulates hair follicle growth while suppressing inflammation.
Research Protocol
| Route | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| SubQ injection | 1–2mg | Daily |
| Topical | Applied to skin | 1–2x daily |
IGF-1 LR3 is a modified version of the body's main muscle-building signal, engineered to stay active longer — research shows it promotes muscle cell growth and accelerates recovery.
Mechanism
IGF-1 LR3 binds IGF-1 receptors to stimulate protein synthesis, muscle cell proliferation, and satellite cell activation. The LR3 modification gives it a ~20x longer half-life than native IGF-1.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 20–60mcg |
| Timing | Post-workout or AM |
| Cycle | 4–6 weeks max |
VIP is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide found throughout the gut, brain, and immune system — studied for potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects including cytokine suppression, gut motility regulation, and neuroprotection.
Mechanism
Binds VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, raising cAMP. Downstream effects: suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12; promotion of IL-10; smooth muscle relaxation; vasodilation; gut-brain axis modulation.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 50–200mcg |
| Route | SubQ injection |
| Frequency | 1–2x daily |
ARA-290 is an 11-amino acid EPO-derived peptide that selectively activates the Innate Repair Receptor — producing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects without EPO's hematopoietic side effects.
Mechanism
Targets the EPO receptor/CD131 heterodimer (Innate Repair Receptor) while avoiding the homodimeric EPO receptor that drives red blood cell production — activating tissue-protective pathways without increasing hematocrit.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 4–16mg |
| Route | SubQ injection |
| Frequency | Daily or every other day |
Epithalon activates telomerase — the enzyme that repairs and lengthens telomeres — and has been studied for longevity effects for over 35 years. Human studies published primarily by Russian researchers.
Mechanism
Epithalon stimulates the pineal gland to produce more melatonin, activates telomerase to elongate telomeres, and normalizes the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 5–10mg daily |
| Cycle | 10–20 days |
| Frequency | 2x per year |
PT-141 works directly on the brain's arousal pathways via the central nervous system rather than blood flow, making it effective for both men and women. FDA-approved as Vyleesi for low sexual desire in premenopausal women.
Mechanism
PT-141 activates melanocortin receptors (MC3R and MC4R) in the brain, triggering pathways that increase sexual desire. Unlike PDE5 inhibitors, it acts centrally rather than on the vascular system.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 1–2mg |
| Timing | 45–90 min before activity |
| Frequency | As needed, max 1x/72hrs |
Selank is a Russian-developed peptide studied for its ability to reduce anxiety and sharpen cognitive function without the sedation or dependence associated with traditional anxiolytics.
Mechanism
Selank modulates GABA-A receptors and increases BDNF expression. It also regulates IL-6 and enkephalin levels, contributing to its anxiolytic and cognitive effects without causing sedation or dependence.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 250–3000mcg |
| Route | Intranasal preferred |
| Cycle | 10–14 days on, 10–14 off |
Semax is one of the most studied nootropic peptides in the world — research shows it raises BDNF levels, supports focus and memory, and has been used clinically in Russia for stroke recovery since the 1980s.
Mechanism
Semax increases BDNF and NGF expression, enhances dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, and has neuroprotective effects.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 200–900mcg |
| Route | Intranasal |
| Cycle | 10–14 days on, 10–14 off |
Ipamorelin is the cleanest GHRP in research — it stimulates GH pulses without spiking cortisol, prolactin, or ghrelin. Often stacked with CJC-1295 for amplified GH output. Best taken fasted before sleep to align with natural GH rhythm.
Mechanism
Ipamorelin selectively binds ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1a) in the pituitary to trigger clean GH pulses. Unlike other GHRPs (GHRP-2, GHRP-6), it does not stimulate appetite or raise cortisol/prolactin — making it the preferred standalone GHRP in research settings.
Why Stack with CJC-1295
CJC-1295 raises baseline GH via GHRH receptors; Ipamorelin adds sharp GH pulses via ghrelin receptors. The two mechanisms are complementary — combined output is substantially greater than either alone.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 100–300mcg |
| Timing | Fasted, before sleep |
| Frequency | Daily to 3x weekly |
| Cycle | 8–12 weeks |
DSIP is studied for sleep regulation, stress reduction, and neuroendocrine modulation — delta wave sleep promotion, ACTH/cortisol suppression, and GH pulse modulation. All 4 vendors carry it at competitive prices.
Mechanism
Crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts on CNS receptors involved in sleep-wake cycling. Studied for delta wave sleep promotion, ACTH and cortisol suppression, GH pulse regulation, and antioxidant activity.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 100–500mcg |
| Timing | 30–60 min before sleep |
| Cycle | Short cycles, 1–2 weeks |
Kisspeptin is the master regulator of GnRH pulse release and therefore the entire HPG axis — studied for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, fertility research, and LH pulse regulation.
Mechanism
Binds KISS1R on hypothalamic GnRH neurons → pulsatile GnRH release → LH and FSH → testosterone/estrogen. Upstream regulator of the entire reproductive cascade.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Active fragment | Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) |
| Dose range | 50–200mcg |
| Frequency | Pulsatile — 1–3x daily |
S1 Research's all-in-one recovery blend combines four synergistic peptides — GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, and KPV — each targeting a different aspect of healing and inflammation.
Blend Components
- GHK-Cu — Copper peptide for skin repair and collagen production
- BPC-157 — Local tissue healing and angiogenesis
- TB-500 — Systemic anti-inflammatory and cell migration
- KPV — Anti-inflammatory tripeptide derived from MSH
Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | Per vendor instructions |
| Frequency | Daily or every other day |
| Cycle | 6–12 weeks |
A triple healing peptide formulation covering the full recovery spectrum — BPC-157 for tissue repair, TB-500 for systemic inflammation support, and GHK-Cu for collagen and skin regeneration.
Component Synergy
- BPC-157 — Initiates local tissue repair via VEGF upregulation
- TB-500 — Systemic anti-inflammatory support and cell migration
- GHK-Cu — Collagen and elastin production, skin repair
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Frequency | Daily or every other day |
| Cycle | 6–12 weeks |
KPV is a powerful anti-inflammatory tripeptide — preclinical research has shown it can directly enter gut cells and suppress inflammation, making it one of the most studied compounds for IBD and leaky gut research. Currently studied in animal models and in vitro; human clinical trial data is emerging.
Mechanism
KPV inhibits pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathways and reduces cytokine production (IL-8, TNF-α). It can be taken orally for gut-specific effects as it directly targets intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 250–500mcg |
| Route | Oral (gut) or SubQ (systemic) |
| Frequency | 1–2x daily |
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a naturally occurring thymic peptide that modulates both innate and adaptive immunity. Approved in 35+ countries as Zadaxin, it's studied for immune deficiency, chronic infection, cancer adjunct therapy, and longevity protocols.
Mechanism
Tα1 is produced by the thymus and acts on dendritic cells, T-cells, and NK cells. It enhances Th1 immune responses, upregulates MHC class I/II expression, and promotes T-cell differentiation — effectively restoring immune competence in suppressed or aging immune systems.
Key Research Applications
- Chronic viral infection support (hepatitis B/C, EBV)
- Post-illness immune restoration
- Cancer adjunct therapy
- Age-related immunosenescence
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 0.5–1.6mg |
| Frequency | 2–3x weekly |
| Cycle | 6–12 weeks |
| Route | SubQ injection |
Thymalin is a polypeptide bioregulator from the Russian peptide bioregulator program, studied for immune restoration — particularly T-cell function and thymic activity — with over 30 years of clinical data.
Mechanism
Short peptides regulate thymic function and T-lymphocyte maturation. Thymus involution with age impairs adaptive immunity — Thymalin studied for restoring thymic activity, T-cell differentiation, and NK cell function. Part of the Khavinson bioregulator family alongside Pinealon.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 5–10mg daily |
| Cycle | 10 consecutive days |
| Frequency | 2–4x per year |
LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin — studied for direct antimicrobial activity, wound healing acceleration, immune cell recruitment, and anti-biofilm properties. Its membrane-disrupting mechanism makes microbial resistance development unlikely.
Mechanism
Disrupts microbial membranes, activates toll-like receptor signaling, promotes keratinocyte proliferation, and modulates cytokine production — multiple parallel mechanisms simultaneously.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 100–300mcg |
| Route | SubQ injection |
| Frequency | Daily |
Snap-8 is studied as a topical alternative to Botox — it works by interfering with the same neuromuscular signaling that causes expression lines, without needles. In vitro and cosmetic clinical studies published; results vary by formulation and concentration.
Mechanism
Snap-8 inhibits SNARE complex formation by mimicking the N-terminal end of SNAP-25. This reduces the release of catecholamines at the neuromuscular junction, relaxing facial muscles that cause wrinkles.
Application Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Concentration | 4–10% in cream/serum |
| Application | Expression-prone areas |
| Frequency | 2x daily |
Melanotan II was originally developed as a tanning compound and research shows it stimulates melanin production and has effects on appetite and arousal pathways via the brain's melanocortin receptors. Reached early Phase 2 human trials; not FDA approved. Use with caution — strong systemic effects documented.
Mechanism
MT-II activates melanocortin receptors (MC1R, MC3R, MC4R). MC1R activation in melanocytes increases melanin production. MC4R activation suppresses appetite and has been studied for effects on central arousal mechanisms.
Research Protocol
| Phase | Dose |
|---|---|
| Loading | 0.25–0.5mg daily |
| Maintenance | 0.5–1mg as needed |
AHK-Cu is a copper peptide studied specifically for hair follicle biology — research shows it activates keratinocyte growth factor and has been documented to increase follicle size in preclinical models. Preclinical animal and in vitro data published; limited human clinical trial data.
Mechanism
AHK-Cu activates KGF (keratinocyte growth factor) which promotes hair follicle proliferation. The copper complex also has antioxidant properties and promotes collagen synthesis in the scalp dermis.
Application Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Concentration | 0.1–1% in carrier |
| Application | Scalp or skin |
| Frequency | 1–2x daily |
Melanotan I (afamelanotide) has high MC1R selectivity — distinct from Melanotan II which also activates MC3R/MC4R. Has reached Phase 3 trials for erythropoietic protoporphyria. No sexual side effects associated with MT-II.
MT-I vs MT-II
MT-I is highly selective for MC1R (melanogenesis). MT-II non-selectively activates MC4R (sexual function, appetite) and MC3R (energy). This makes MT-I the more targeted tanning compound — the sexual effects associated with MT-II are not observed.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose range | 0.5–1mg SubQ |
| Frequency | Every 1–2 days |
Pinealon is a Russian-developed tripeptide studied for neuroprotection and circadian rhythm support — research shows it has protective effects on brain cells and may support sleep regulation via the pineal gland. Preclinical animal data published primarily in Russian research; limited Western clinical data.
Mechanism
Pinealon is a geroprotective peptide that activates antioxidant defense systems in neurons and regulates melatonin synthesis via the pineal gland. It has shown neuroprotective effects in hypoxia and ischemia models.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 5–10mg daily |
| Cycle | 10 days |
| Frequency | 2–4x per year |
NAD+ is a molecule found in every cell that powers energy production and DNA repair — research shows levels drop ~50% between ages 40 and 60. Injectable forms have been studied for faster restoration than oral supplements.
Mechanism
NAD+ is a critical coenzyme in oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair via PARP enzymes, and sirtuin activation (SIRT1–7). Declining NAD+ with age is linked to metabolic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and reduced cellular repair capacity.
Research Protocol
| Protocol | Dose | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Loading phase | 500mg | Daily for 5–10 days |
| Maintenance | 250–500mg | Weekly or bi-weekly |
5-Amino-1MQ targets fat cell metabolism at the enzyme level — animal research has shown it can reduce fat cell size and raise metabolic rate without affecting lean mass.
Mechanism
5-Amino-1MQ inhibits NNMT in fat cells, raising SAM levels and altering the epigenetic programming of adipocytes. This makes fat cells smaller and more metabolically active.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 50–100mg |
| Route | Oral |
| Frequency | Daily |
SS-31 concentrates inside mitochondria and has shown the ability to restore energy production and reduce cellular stress in multiple disease models. Human clinical trials conducted for heart failure.
Mechanism
SS-31 selectively partitions into the inner mitochondrial membrane by targeting cardiolipin. It reduces mitochondrial ROS, improves membrane potential, and enhances ATP synthesis.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 1–5mg daily |
| Route | SubQ injection |
| Cycle | 4–8 weeks |
FOXO4-DRI is studied as a senolytic — selectively inducing apoptosis in senescent cells that accumulate with age. Preclinical mouse data showed restored fitness, fur density, and renal function.
Mechanism
Disrupts the FOXO4–p53 interaction in senescent cells. Normally FOXO4 sequesters p53 to prevent apoptosis — FOXO4-DRI frees p53 to trigger cell death specifically in senescent cells, leaving healthy cells unaffected.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Mouse model dose | 5mg/kg IP injection |
| Frequency | 3 consecutive days |
| Cycle interval | Monthly |
SLU-PP-332 is a pan-ERR agonist studied as an exercise mimetic — activating estrogen-related receptors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and fat oxidation. Preclinical data showed improved endurance without exercise in sedentary mice.
Mechanism
Activates ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ — nuclear receptors controlling mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. Mimics transcriptional effects of endurance exercise on skeletal muscle metabolism.
Research Protocol
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Form | Oral liquid (30ml) |
| Research dose | 50mg/kg in mouse models |
| Status | Preclinical only |